First Macedonian War, Greek Perception
[More description of the first Macedonian War, participating states, objectives, speeches by participants]
Polybius, in his Rise of the Roman Empire, uses a device introduced more than 200 years before by Thucydides in his Peloponnesian War; the laying out of a strategic or political position for a particular historical figure (e.g., Pericles describes Athenian reasoning and strategy for war with Sparta) in the form of a speech. In the two examples below, one by Demetrius of Pharos and one by Agelaus of Naupactus, addressed to Phillip V of Macedonia, the king is urged to move against the Romans while they are weak. Agelaus goes further; he implores Phillip to unite the Greeks because if they remain disunited then either the Romans or the Carthaginians will deprive them of their liberty.
Speech by Demetrius of Pharos to Phillip V of Macedonia (In Polybius)
The whole of Greece is ready to do your bidding even now and it will remain obedient to you in future. The Achaeans are inclined to support Macedonia in any case and the Aetolians have lost heart because of the reverses they have suffered in the recent war. But to go beyond Greece and invade Italy is the first step toward the conquest of the world, and there is no man who has a better claim to undertake it than yourself. This is the moment to strike a blow, when the Romans have suffered a disastrous defeat.
Demetrius of Pharos
Polybius. The Rise of the Roman Empire. Translated by Ian Scott Kilvert. Published by Penguin Putnam. New York, New York. 1979. Pages 297-298.
Speech by Agelaus of Naupactus (Aetolian League) primarily to Phillip V of Macedonia (In Polybius)
It would be best if the Greeks never went to war with one another other, if they could regard it as the greatest gift of the gods for them all to speak with one voice, and could joint hands like men who are crossing a river; in this way they could unite to repulse the incursions of the barbarians and to preserve themselves and their cities. But if we have no hope of achieving such a degree of unity, for the whole country, let me impress upon you how important it is at least for the present that we should consult one another and remain on our guard, in view of the huge armies which have been mobilized in the west. For it must already be obvious to all those who pay even the slightest attention to affairs of state that whether the Carthaginians defeat the Romans or the Romans the Carthaginians, the victors will by no means be satisfied with the sovereignty of Italy and Sicily, but will come here, and will advance both their forces and their ambitions beyond the bounds of justice. I therefore beg you all to be on your guard against this danger, and I appeal especially to King Phillip. For you the safest policy, instead of wearing down the Greeks and making them an easy prey for the invader, is to take care of them as you would your own body, and to protect every province of Greece as you would if it were a part of your own dominions. If you follow this policy, the Greeks will be your faithful friends and allies in case of attack, and foreigner will be less inclined to plot against your throne, because they will be discouraged by the loyalty of the Greeks toward you. But it you yearn for a field of action, then turn your attention to the west, keep it fixed on the wars in Italy, and bide your time, so that when the moment comes, you may enter the contest for the sovereignty of the whole world. Now the present moment is by no means unfavorable to such hopes. But you must, I entreat you, put aside your differences with the Greeks and your campaigns against them until times have become more settled, and concern yourself first and foremost with the aspect of the situation which I have just mentioned, so that you retain the power to make peace or war with them as you think best. For if you wait until the clouds that are now gathering in the west settle upon Greece, I very much fear that these truces and wars and games at which we now play may have been knocked out of our hands so completely that we shall be praying to the gods to grant us still this power of fighting or making peace with one another as we choose, in other words of being left the capacity to settle our own disputes.
Agelaus of Naupactus
Polybius. The Rise of the Roman Empire. Translated by Ian Scott Kilvert. Published by Penguin Putnam. New York, New York. 1979. Pages 299-300.
[Key Players: Attalus I of Pergamum (Pergamon in Greek), Hannibal Barca, Phillip V of Macedonia, Demetrius of Pharos, Marcus Valerius Laevinus, Agelaus of Naupactus (Aetolian League). Themes/background essays, related topics, more resources, links to relevant items in store]